CivilWiki

Active earth pressure is a horizontal push from earth onto a wall. The active earth force from sand on to a free retaining wall is equivalent to that from a fluid of density 0.25 to 0.30 times th…

Abrasion is the process of wearing away by friction. The wearing away of a surface in service by mechanical action, such as rubbing, scraping or erosion.

Air-Entrained Concrete is a concrete used for constructing roads. It has about 5% air and is therefore less dense than ordinary good concrete, but it has excellent freeze-thaw resistance. The streng…

Admixture or Additive is a substance other than aggregate, cement or water, added in small quantities to the concrete mix to alter its properties or those of the hard concrete. The most important a…