CivilWiki

Retaining walls are used to keep the soil in an upright position, at locations where sudden changes of the ground occur. The wall and the supporting foundation have to be designed for the lateral pre…

Density index is a measure of the tendency or ability to compact soil during loading. The density index is equal to 1 for a very dense soil; it is equal to 0 for a very loose soil.

Base Course is one or more layers of specified materials of designed thickness (Usually asphaltic concrete course), placed on a subbase course or a subgrade to support a surface course.

Active earth pressure is a horizontal push from earth onto a wall. The active earth force from sand on to a free retaining wall is equivalent to that from a fluid of density 0.25 to 0.30 times th…